Ruling on Celebrating Prophet's Birthday, with Scholarly Refutation of the arguments brought by those who support it
The
commands mentioned in the Qur'aan and Sunnah to follow the laws of
Allaah (subhanahu wa ta'aala) and His Messenger (salallaahu 'alaihi wa
sallam), and the prohibitions on introducing innovations into the
religion are quite clear. Allaah says (interpretation of the meaning):
"Say
(O Muhammad to mankind): 'If you (really) love Allaah, then follow me
(i.e. accept Islamic Monotheism, follow the Qur'aan and the Sunnah),
Allaah will love you and forgive you your sins.'" [Aal 'Imraan 3:31]
"Follow
what has been sent down unto you from your Lord (the Qur'aan and
Prophet Muhammad's Sunnah), and follow not any Awliyaa' (protectors and
helpers who order you to associate partners in worship with Allaah),
besides Him (Allaah). Little do you remember!" [al-A'raaf 7:3]
"And
verily, this is My straight path, so follow it, and follow not (other)
paths, for they will separate you away from His path." [al-A'naam 6:153]
And
the Prophet (salallaahu 'alaihi wa sallam) said: "The most truthful of
speech is the Book of Allaah and the best of guidance is the guidance of
Muhammad, and the most evil of things are those which are
newly-invented." And he (salallaahu 'alaihi wa sallam) said: "Whoever
innovates anything in this matter of ours (i.e., Islam), that is not
part of it will have it rejected." (Narrated by al-Bukhaari, no. 2697;
Muslim, no. 1718). According to a version narrated by Muslim,
"Whoever doe anything that is not in accordance with this matter of ours (i.e., Islam), will have it rejected."
Among
the reprehensible innovations that people have invented is the
celebration of the birthday of the Prophet (salallaahu 'alaihi wa
sallam) in the month of Rabee' al-Awwal. They celebrate this occasion in
various ways:
Some of them simply make it an occasion to gather
and read the story of the Mawlid, then they present speeches and
qaseedahs (odes) for this occasion. Some of them make food and sweets
etc., and offer them to the people present. Some of them hold these
celebrations in the mosques, and some of them hold them in their houses.
Some
people do not limit themselves to the actions mentioned above; they
include in these gatherings haraam and reprehensible things, such as
free mixing of men and women, dancing and singing, or committing actions
of shirk such as seeking the help of the Prophet (salallaahu 'alaihi wa
sallam), calling upon him, seeking his support against their enemies
and so on.
Whatever form it takes and whatever the intentions of
those who do this are, there is no doubt whatsoever that it is an
invented, haraam innovation which was introduced by the Shi'a Faatimids
after the three best centuries, in order to corrupt the religion of the
Muslims. The first person to do this after them was the king al-Muzaffar
Abu Sa'eed Kawkaboori, the king of Irbil, at the end of the sixth
century or the beginning of the seventh century AH, as was mentioned by
the historians such as Ibn Khalkaan and others. Abu Shaamah said: the
first person to do that in Mosul was Shaykh 'Umar ibn Muhammad al-Malaa,
one of the well-known righteous people. Then the ruler of Irbil and
others followed his example.
Al-Haafiz Ibn Katheer said in
al-Bidaayah wa'l-Nihaayah (13/137), in his biography of Abu Sa'eed
Kazkaboori: "He used to observe the Mawlid in Rabee' al-Awwal and hold a
huge celebration on that occasion... some of those who were present at
the feast of al-Muzaffar on some occasions of the Mawlid said that he
used to offer in the feast five thousand grilled heads of sheep, ten
thousand chickens and one hundred thousand large dishes, and thirty
trays of sweets... he would let the Sufis sing from Zuhr until Fajr, and
he himself would dance with them."
Ibn Khalkaan said in
Wafiyaat al-A'yaan (3/274): "When it is the first of Safar they decorate
those domes with various kinds of fancy adornments, and in every dome
there sits a group of singers and a group of puppeteers and players of
musical instruments, and they do not leave any one of those domes
without setting up a group (of performers) there.
The people
give up work during this period, and they do no work except going around
and watching the entertainment. When there are two days to go until the
Mawlid, they bring out a large number of camels, cows and sheep, more
than can be described, and they accompany them with all the drums, songs
and musical instruments that they have, until they bring them to the
square... On the night of the Mawlid there are performances of nasheed
after Maghrib in the citadel."
This is the origin of this
celebration on the occasion of the Prophet's birthday. More recently
idle entertainment, extravagance, and wasting of money and time have
become associated with an innovation for which Allaah (subhanahu wa
ta'aala) has not sent down any authority.
Quote: What
Muslims should do is revive the Sunnah and put an end to bid'ah
(innovation); they should not do any action until they know the ruling
of Allaah (subhanahu wa ta'aala) concerning it.
Reasons for the Forbiddance of celebrating the Prophet's birthday
Celebrating
the occasion of the birthday of the Prophet (salallaahu 'alaihi wa
sallam) is forbidden and is to be rejected for a number of reasons:
1
- It is not part of the Sunnah of the Messenger (salallaahu 'alaihi wa
sallam) or of the khaleefahs who succeeded him. Since this is the case,
then it is a forbidden innovation, because the Prophet (salallaahu
'alaihi wa sallam) said: "I urge you to follow my Sunnah and the way of
the rightly-guided khaleefahs after me; adhere to it and cling to it
firmly. Beware of newly-invented things, for every newly-invented thing
is an innovation (bid'ah) and every innovation is a going astray."
(Narrated by Ahmad, 4/126; al-Tirmidhi no. 2676).
Celebrating
the Mawlid is an innovation introduced by the Shi'a Faatimids after the
three best centuries in order to corrupt the religion of the Muslims. If
a person does anything in order to draw closer to Allaah which was not
done by the Messenger (salallaahu 'alaihi wa sallam) or enjoined by him,
and was not done by the khaleefahs who succeeded him, this action
implies that he is accusing the Messenger of not explaining the religion
to the people, and that he disbelieves in the words of Allaah
(interpretation of the meaning):
"This day, I have perfected
your religion for you." [al-Maa'idah 5:3]
because he is adding something
extra and claiming that it is a part of the religion, but the Messenger
(salallaahu 'alaihi wa sallam) did not bring this.
2 -
Celebrating the birthday of the Prophet (salallaahu 'alaihi wa sallam)
is an imitation of the Christians, because they celebrate the birth of
the Messiah (peace be upon him). Imitating them is extremely haraam. The
hadeeth tells us that it is forbidden to imitate the kuffaar, and we
are commanded to differ from them. The Prophet (salallaahu 'alaihi wa
sallam) said: "Whoever imitates a people is one of them." (Narrated by
Ahmad, 2/50; Abu Dawood, 4/314). And he said, "Be different from the
mushrikeen." (narrated by Muslim, 1/222, no. 259) - especially with
regard to things that are the symbols or rituals of their religion.
3
- Besides being bid'ah and an imitation of the Christians, both of
which are haraam, celebrating the birthday of the Prophet (salallaahu
'alaihi wa sallam) is also a means that leads to exaggeration and excess
in venerating him, which even goes as far as calling upon him (making
du'aa' to him) and seeking his help, instead of calling upon Allaah, as
happens now among many of those who observe the bid'ah of the Mawlid,
when they call upon the Messenger instead of Allaah, and ask him for
support, and sing qaseedahs (odes) of shirk praising him, like Qaseedat
al-Burdah etc. The Prophet (salallaahu 'alaihi wa sallam) forbade going
to extremes in praising him, as he said: "Do not extol as the Christians
extolled the son of Maryam. For I am just His slave, so say, the slave
of Allaah and His Messenger." (Narrated by al-Bukhaari, 4/142, no. 3445;
al-Fath, 6/551), i.e., do not exaggerate in praising me as the
Christians exaggerated in praising the Messiah and venerated him until
they worshipped him instead of Allaah. Allaah forbade them to do that
when he said (interpretation of the meaning):
"O people of the
Scripture (Christians) ! Do not exceed the limits in your religion, nor
say of Allaah aught but the truth. The Messiah 'Eesa (Jesus), son of
Maryam (Mary), was (no more than) a Messenger of Allaah and His Word,
("Be!" - and he was) which He bestowed on Maryam (Mary) and a spirit
(Rooh) created by Him." [an-Nisaa' 4:171]
Our Prophet
(salallaahu 'alaihi wa sallam) forbade us to exaggerate concerning him
lest the same thing happen to us as happened to them, so he said:
"Beware of exaggeration, for those who came before you were destroyed
because of exaggeration." (narrated by al-Nasaa'i, 5/268; classed as
saheeh by al-Albaani in Saheeh Sunan al-Nasaa'i, no. 2863).
4 -
Observing the innovation of the Prophet's birthday opens the door to
other kinds of bid'ah and being distracted by them from the Sunnah.
Hence you find that the innovators are very active when it comes to
bid'ah and very lazy when it comes to the Sunnah; they hate it and
regard those who follow it as enemies, until their entire religion is
innovated anniversaries and Mawlids. They have split into various
groups, each of which commemorates the anniversary of its imaam's birth,
such as the births of al-Badawi, Ibn 'Arabi, al-Dasooqi and
al-Shaadhili. No sooner do they end the celebration of one birthday but
they start the celebration of another. This results in exaggeration
concerning these dead people and others, and in calling upon them
instead of Allaah, believing that they can bring benefit and cause harm,
until they deviate from the religion of Allaah and go back to the
religion of the people of the Jaahiliyyah of whom Allaah says
(interpretation of the meaning):
"And they worship besides
Allaah things that harm them not, nor profit them, and they say: 'These
are our intercessors with Allaah.'" [Yoonus 10:18]
"And those
who take Awliyaa' (protectors, helpers, lords, gods) besides Him (say):
'We worship them only that they may bring us near to Allaah.'" [al-Zumar
39:3]
Refuting the specious arguments of those who celebrate the Mawlid
Those
who think that this bid'ah should be continued produce specious
arguments which are flimsier than a spider's web. These specious
arguments may be dealt with as follows:
[First Doubt] - Their claim that this is veneration of the Prophet (salallaahu 'alaihi wa sallam):
Quote:
The response to that is that the way to venerate him is to obey him, do
as he commanded and avoid that which he forbade, and to love him; he is
not to be venerated through innovations, myths and sins. Celebrating
his birthday is of this blameworthy type because it is a sin. The people
who venerated the Prophet (salallaahu 'alaihi wa sallam) the most were
the Sahaabah (radiallaahu 'anhum), as 'Urwah ibn Mas'ood said to
Quraysh:
"O people, by Allaah I have visited kings. I went to
Caesar, Chosroes and the Negus, but by Allaah I never saw a king whose
companions venerated him as much as the companions of Muhammad venerated
Muhammad (salallaahu 'alaihi wa sallam). By Allaah, whenever he spat,
it never fell on the ground, it fell into into the hand of one his
companions, then they wiped their faces and skins with it. If he
instructed them to do something, they would hasten to do as he
commanded. When he did wudoo', they would almost fight over his water.
When he spoke, they would lower their voices in his presence; and they
did not stare at him out of respect for him." (al-Bukhaari, 3/178, no.
2731, 2732; al-Fath, 5/388).
Yet despite this level of
veneration, they never took the day of his birth as an 'Eid (festival).
If that had been prescribed in Islam, they would not have neglected to
do that.
[Second Doubt] - Using as evidence the fact that many people in many countries do this.
Quote:
The response to that is that evidence consists of that which is proven
from the Prophet (salallaahu 'alaihi wa sallam), and what is proven from
the Prophet is that innovations are forbidden in general, and this is
an innovation. What people do, if it goes against the evidence (daleel),
does not prove anything, even if many of them do it.
"And if
you obey most of those on the earth, they will mislead you far away from
Allaah's path." [al-An'aam 6:116 - interpretation of the meaning]
quote:
Nevertheless, in every age, praise be to Allaah, there have always been
those who denounce this bid'ah and state clearly that it is false.
Those who persist in following it after the truth had been explained to
them have no proof.
Among those who denounced the celebration of
this occasion was Shaykh al-Islam Ibn Taymiyah, in Iqtidaa' al-Siraat
al-Mustaqeem; Imaam al-Shaatibi in al-'I'tisaam; Ibn al-Haaj in
al-Madkhil; Shaykh Taaj al-Deen 'Ali ibn 'Umar al-Lakhami who wrote an
entire book denouncing it; Shaykh Muhammad Basheer al-Sahsawaani
al-Hindi in his book Siyaanah al-Insaan; al-Sayyid Muhammad Rasheed
Ridaa wrote a separate essay on this topic; Shaykh Muhammad ibn
Ibraaheem Aal al-Shaykh wrote a separate essay on it; Shaykh 'Abd
al-'Azeez ibn Baaz; and others who are still writing and denouncing this
bid'ah every year in the pages of newspapers and magazines, at the time
when this bid'ah is being done.
[Third Doubt] - They say that
by celebrating the Mawlid they are keeping the memory of the Prophet
(salallaahu 'alaihi wa sallam) alive.
Quote: The answer to
that is that the memory of the Prophet (salallaahu 'alaihi wa sallam) is
constantly kept alive by the Muslim, such as when his name (salallaahu
'alaihi wa sallam) is mentioned in the adhaan and iqaamah and in
khutbahs, and every time the Muslim recites the Shahaadatayn after doing
wudoo' and in the prayers, and every time he sends blessings upon the
Prophet (salallaahu 'alaihi wa sallam) in his prayers and when he is
mentioned, and every time the Muslim does a waajib (obligatory) or
mustahabb (recommended) action that was prescribed by the Messenger
(salallaahu 'alaihi wa sallam). In all of these ways (the Muslim)
remembers him and the reward equivalent to the reward of the one who
does that action goes back to the Prophet (salallaahu 'alaihi wa
sallam). Thus the Muslim constantly keeps the memory of the Messenger
alive and has a connection with him night and day throughout his life
through that which Allaah has prescribed, not only on the day of the
Mawlid and things which are bid'ah and go against the Sunnah, for that
puts one at a distance from the Messenger (salallaahu 'alaihi wa sallam)
and the Messenger will disown him because of that.
The
Messenger (salallaahu 'alaihi wa sallam) has no need of this innovated
celebration, because Allaah has already bestowed veneration and respect
upon him, as He says: "and raised high your fame." [al-Sharh 94:4]
For
Allaah is not mentioned in the adhaan, iqaamah or khutbah, except that
the Messenger (salallaahu 'alaihi wa sallam) is mentioned after Him;
this is sufficient veneration, love and renewal of his memory, and
sufficient encouragement to follow him.
Allaah did not refer to
the birth of the Messenger (salallaahu 'alaihi wa sallam) in the
Qur'aan, rather He referred to his Mission, and says (interpretation of
the meaning):
"Indeed, Allaah conferred a great favour on the
believers when He sent among them a Messenger (Muhammad) from among
themselves." [Aal 'Imraan 3:124]
"He it is Who sent among the unlettered ones a Messenger (Muhammad) from among themselves." [al-Jumu'ah 64:2]
[Fourth
Doubt] - They may say that the celebration of the Prophet's birthday
was introduced by a knowledgeable and just king who intended thereby to
draw closer to Allaah.
Quote: Our response to that is that
bid'ah is not acceptable, no matter who does it. A good intention does
not justify a bad deed and even if a person died as a knowledgeable and
righteous person, this does not mean that he was infallible.
[Fifth
Doubt] - They say that celebrating the mawlid comes under the heading
of bid'ah hasanah ("good innovation") because it is based on giving
thanks to Allaah for the Prophet!
Quote: Our response to
that is that there is nothing good in innovation. The Prophet
(salallaahu 'alaihi wa sallam) said: "Whoever innovates anything in this
matter of ours (i.e., Islam), that is not part of it will have it
rejected." (Narrated by al-Bukhaari, no. 2697; al-Fath, 5/355). And he
said, "Every innovation is a going astray." (Narrated by Ahmad, 4/126;
al-Tirmidhi, no. 2676). The ruling on innovations is that they are all
misguidance, but this specious argument suggests that not every bid'ah
is a going astray, rather there are good innovations.
Al-Haafiz
ibn Rajab said in Sharh al-Arba'een: "The words of the Prophet
(salallaahu 'alaihi wa sallam), 'every innovation is a going astray' is a
concise but comprehensive comment which includes everything; it is one
of the most important principles of religion. It is like his words
'Whoever innovates anything in this matter of ours (i.e., Islam), that
is not part of it will have it rejected.' (Narrated by al-Bukhaari,
3/167, no. 2697; al-Fath, 5/355). Whoever innovates anything and
attributes it to Islam when it has no basis in the religion, this is a
going astray and is nothing to do with Islam, whether that has to do
with matters of belief ('aqeedah) or outward and inward words and
deeds." (Jaami' al-'Uloom wa'l-Hakam, p. 233)
These people have
no proof that there is any such thing as a "good innovation" apart from
the words of 'Umar (radiallaahu 'anhu) concerning Taraaweeh prayers,
"What a good innovation this is." (Saheeh al-Bukhaari, 2/252, no. 2010
mu'allaqan; al-Fath 4/294).
They also said that things were
innovated which were not denounced by the salaf, such as compiling the
Qur'aan into one volume and writing and compiling the hadeeth.
Quote: The response to that is that these matters had a basis in Islam, so they were not newly-invented.
'Umar said: "What a good bid'ah" meaning innovation in the linguistic sense, not in the shar'i sense.
Whatever
has a basis in Islam, if it is described as an innovation, is an
innovation in the linguistic sense, not in the shar'i sense, because
innovation in the shar'i sense means that which has no basis in Islam.
Compiling
the Qur'aan into one book has a basis in Islam, because the Prophet
(salallaahu 'alaihi wa sallam) had commanded that the Qur'aan be written
down, but it was scattered, so the Sahaabah compiled it in one volume
so as so protect and preserve it.
The Prophet (salallaahu
'alaihi wa sallam) led his companions in praying Taraaweeh for a while,
then he stopped doing that, lest that become obligatory on them. The
Sahaabah (radiallaahu 'anhum) continued to pray it separately during the
life of the Prophet (salallaahu 'alaihi wa sallam) and after his death,
until 'Umar ibn al-Khattaab (radiallaahu 'anhu) gathered them behind
one imaam as they used to pray behind the Prophet (salallaahu 'alaihi wa
sallam). This was not an innovation introduced into the religion.
Writing
down the hadeeth also has a basis in Islam. The Prophet (salallaahu
'alaihi wa sallam) ordered that some ahaadeeth should be written down
for some of his companions when they asked him for that. In general
terms writing it down during his lifetime was not allowed, for fear that
the Qur'aan might be mixed with things that were not part of it. When
the Prophet (salallaahu 'alaihi wa sallam) died, this fear was no longer
a factor, because the Qur'aan had been completed and arranged in order
before he died.
The Muslims compiled the Sunnah after that in
order to preserve it and keep it from being lost. May Allaah reward them
with good on behalf of Islam and the Muslims, because they preserved
the Book of their Lord and the Sunnah of their Prophet (salallaahu
'alaihi wa sallam) from being lost or being tampered with.
We
may also say to them: why was this act of thanksgiving, as they call it,
not done by the best generations, the Sahaabah, Taabi'een and followers
of the Taabi'een, who loved the Prophet (salallaahu 'alaihi wa sallam)
most and who were most keen to do good and give thanks? Are those who
introduced the innovation of the Mawlid more rightly-guided than them?
Do they give more thanks to Allaah? Definitely not!
[Sixth
Doubt] - They may say that celebrating the birthday of the Prophet
(salallaahu 'alaihi wa sallam) is indicative of their love for him; this
is one way of showing that, and showing love of the Prophet (salallaahu
'alaihi wa sallam) is prescribed in Islam!
Quote: The
answer to that is that undoubtedly loving the Prophet (salallaahu
'alaihi wa sallam) is obligatory for every Muslim; he should love him
more than he loves himself, his child, his father and all the people -
may my father and mother be sacrificed for him - but that does not mean
that we should introduce innovations for doing so that have not been
prescribed for us. Loving him dictates that we should obey him and
follow him, for that is one of the greatest manifestations of love, as
it is said:
"If your love is sincere then obey him; for the lover obeys the one whom he loves."
Loving
the Prophet (salallaahu 'alaihi wa sallam) implies keeping his Sunnah
alive, adhering firmly to it, and avoiding words and deeds that go
against it. Undoubtedly everything that goes against his Sunnah is a
reprehensible innovation (bid'ah) and a manifest act of disobedience.
That includes celebrating his birthday and other kinds of bid'ah. A good
intention does not mean that it is permissible to introduce innovations
into the religion. Islam is based on two things, purity of intention
and following [the Prophet (salallaahu 'alaihi wa sallam)]. Allaah says
(interpretation of the meaning):
"Yes, but whoever submits his
face (himself) to Allaah (i.e. follows Allaah's religion of Islamic
Monotheism) and he is a Muhsin (a doer of good) then his reward is with
his Lord (Allaah), on such shall be no fear, nor shall they grieve."
[al-Baqarah 2:112]
Submitting one's face to Allaah means being
sincere towards Allaah, and doing good means following the Messenger and
implementing the Sunnah.
[Seventh Doubt] - Another of their
specious arguments is when they say that by celebrating the Mawlid and
reading the biography of the Prophet (salallaahu 'alaihi wa sallam) on
this occasion, they are encouraging people to follow his example!
Quote:
We say to them that reading the biography of the Prophet (salallaahu
'alaihi wa sallam) and following his example are required of the Muslim
all the time, all year long and throughout his life. Singling out a
specific day for that with no evidence for doing so is an innovation,
and every innovation is a going astray." (Narrated by Ahmad, 4/164;
al-Tirmidhi, 2676). Bid'ah does not bear any fruit but evil and it leads
to a person distancing himself from the Prophet (salallaahu 'alaihi wa
sallam).
In conclusion, celebrating the birthday of the Prophet
(salallaahu 'alaihi wa sallam), whatever form it takes, is a
reprehensible innovation. The Muslims should put a stop to this and
other kinds of bid'ah, and occupy themselves with reviving and adhering
to the Sunnah. They should not be deceived by those who promote and
defend this bid'ah, for these types of people are more interested in
keeping innovations alive than in reviving the Sunnah; they may not even
care about the Sunnah at all. Whoever is like this, it is not
permissible to imitate him or follow his example, even if the majority
of people are like this. Rather we should follow the example of those
who follow the path of the Sunnah, among the righteous salaf and their
followers, even if they are few. Truth is not measured by the men who
speak it, rather men are measured by the truth.
The Prophet
(salallaahu 'alaihi wa sallam) said: "Whoever among you lives (for a
long time) will see many differences. I urge you to follow my Sunnah and
the way of the rightly-guided khaleefahs who come after me. Hold on to
it firmly. Beware of newly-invented matters, for every innovation is a
going astray." (Narrated by Ahmad, 4/126; al-Tirmidhi no. 2676). So the
Prophet (salallaahu 'alaihi wa sallam) explained to us in this hadeeth
what we should do when there are differences of opinion, just as he
explained that everything that goes against his Sunnah, be it words or
deeds, is a bid'ah, and every bid'ah is a going astray.
If we
see that there is no basis for celebrating the birthday of the Prophet,
whether in the Sunnah of the Messenger of Allaah (salallaahu 'alaihi wa
sallam) or in the way of the rightly-guided khaleefahs, then it is one
of the newly-invented matters, one of the bid'ahs which lead people
astray. This principle is what is implied by this hadeeth and is what is
indicated by the aayah (interpretation of the meaning):
"O you
who believe! Obey Allaah and obey the Messenger (Muhammad), and those of
you (Muslims) who are in authority. (And) if you differ in anything
amongst yourselves, refer it to Allaah and His Messenger, if you believe
in Allaah and in the Last Day. That is better and more suitable for
final determination." [al-Nisaa' 4:59]
Referring to Allaah means
referring to His Book, and referring to the Messenger (salallaahu
'alaihi wa sallam) means referring to his Sunnah after he has passed
away. The Qur'aan and Sunnah are the reference point in cases of
dispute. Where in the Qur'aan or Sunnah does it indicate that it is
prescribed in Islam to celebrate the Prophet's birthday? Whoever does
that or thinks that it is good must repent to Allaah from this and from
other kinds of bid'ah. This is the attitude of the Muslim who is seeking
the truth. But whoever is too stubborn and arrogant after proof has
been established, then his reckoning will be with his Lord.
We
ask Allaah to help us adhere to His Book and the Sunnah of His Messenger
(salallaahu 'alaihi wa sallam) until the Day when we will meet Him. May
Allaah grant blessings and peace to our Prophet Muhammad and his family
and companions.
Note: InshAllah please do share! (For Those Who Acquire Knowledge)
----------------
Reference:
Huqooq al-Nabi (salallaahu 'alaihi wa sallam) bayna al-Ijlaal wa'l-Ikhlaal, p. 139.
Shaykh Dr. Saalih ibn Fawzaan al-Fawzaan, Member of the Committee of Senior Scholars, Saudi Arabia.
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